Daily picks · 10月24日

三项预注册实验显示反事实推理是推断他人意图的可用工具，而非仅事后情绪。

We reveal a way that people use counterfactual thinking: They use it to infer motives and solve mysteries about what happened in the unseen past. In three preregistered experiments, participants (total N = 1,242) were asked to determine which of two competitors in a contest had sabotaged a third competitor. Participants often succeeded in identifying the culprit when counterfactual reasoning could be used to judge whether each suspect profited from the sabotage. Participants had more difficulty, though, when the mystery required using counterfactuals to judge how much each suspect profited. These findings show that people can use counterfactual reasoning to infer others’ motives and to determine who was most likely to have produced past events. But they find this easier when counterfactuals support binary judgments rather than graded ones. Besides revealing a way that people use counterfactual reasoning, the findings are informative about how people learn about the unobserved past.

Social Psychological and Personality Science ｜ 反事实情况, 过去事件, 使用方式, 疑似获利者, 推理过程

一年两波纵向数据区分毅力两维度，揭示同伴侵害影响学校参与的具体路径。

This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal relationships between peer victimization and three types of school engagement among Chinese adolescents, with a focus on the potential indirect effects of two facets of grit, perseverance of effort and consistency of interest, and the moderating role of self-compassion. This study adopted a two-wave longitudinal design over one year, involving 810 Chinese adolescents ( M age = 13.04, SD = 0.76). Participants completed the Chinese version of the School Engagement Scale and the Grit Scale at both time points. In addition, the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire and the Self-Compassion Scale were administered at Time 1. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze all study variables. Results showed that the direct relationship between T1 peer victimization and T2 school engagement was significant only for behavioral engagement ( β = −.084, p = .011), not for emotional or cognitive engagement. However, peer victimization was linked to subsequent school engagement indirectly through grit's consistency of interest, but not through perseverance of effort ( β = −.013 to −.035, p s = .003–.024). Further analysis revealed that the indirect effect of consistency of interest was significant across levels of self-compassion and became stronger when T1 self-compassion was high. Moreover, higher self-compassion strengthened the negative association between peer victimization and consistency of interest. These results provide nuanced explanations of how and for whom peer victimization is associated with later school engagement as well as inform interventions to maintain school engagement among victimized Chinese adolescents.

School Psychology International ｜ 学校参与度, 同伴欺凌, 中国青少年, 自我同情, 毅力

补充华裔加拿大青年在疫情歧视中的自述经验，填补该群体研究空白。

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to anti-Asian attitudes worldwide. Documented discrimination has occurred online and in person. Surveys of Chinese Canadians show a lower reporting rate among youth under 18 than among those aged 18 or older. Chinese Canadian youths’ experiences during COVID-19 remain largely unexplored. This study creates space for their lived experiences and perceptions. Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), it explores and seeks to understand their perceptions and experiences of anti-Asian attitudes. Six self-identified Chinese Canadian youth aged 16 to 17 from British Columbia's Lower Mainland completed semi-structured interviews on school responses and supports. Analysis followed IPA procedures, identifying three superordinate and eleven subordinate themes. Participants reported anti-Asian attitudes across multiple environments and feeling unsupported in their mental health at school and in the community. Despite limited support, they developed their own support systems. Findings are discussed in relation to existing literature, along with future research directions, school-based practices, and implications for practitioners as reported by participants. The study emphasizes the lived experiences of Chinese Canadians and underscores the importance of addressing anti-Asian attitudes within schools and communities. It also highlights the need to better support Chinese Canadian youth's mental health during the pandemic and beyond based on participant perspectives.

School Psychology International ｜ Anti-asian Attitudes, Chinese Canadian, Their, Experiences, Canadian Youth

元分析覆盖2001至2023年，为中国的个人主义上升提供量化证据。

Previous research has shown a global trend of rising individualism and declining collectivism in recent decades. However, studies on the trends specifically among the Chinese population have yielded inconsistent results. This study employed a cross-temporal meta-analysis to examine changes in individualism and collectivism among Chinese individuals. The findings indicated that between 2001 and 2023, there was also a trend of increasing individualism and decreasing collectivism in China, though the magnitude of these changes was relatively small. These findings provide empirical evidence for modest cultural-value change in China and extend modernization accounts by showing that marketization, urbanization, and economic development are associated with individualism and collectivism.

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology ｜ Individualism Collectivism, Cross-temporal Meta-analysis, Changes Individualism, Collectivism Chinese, Trend

追踪大学前三年，说明对白人动机的怀疑如何长期影响少数族裔学生。

Racial/ethnic minority group members vary in the extent to which they are chronically suspicious of the motives behind White people’s positive behavior toward minorities. Chronic suspicion has been shown to shape racial/ethnic minorities’ perception, cognition, emotion, and physiology following positive overtures from White people in laboratory experiments. However, little is known about the long-term consequences of chronic suspicion of Whites’s motives. Here, we examine the consequences of chronic suspicion for low-income and/or first-generation Latino/a college students over their first 3 years of college. Students who entered college with higher levels of chronic suspicion experienced college more negatively, including more experiences of discrimination and a lack of perceived university inclusiveness. These experiences, in turn, predicted declines in mental and reported physical health by the end of students’ third year of college. This research provides longitudinal evidence of the long-term negative effects of chronic suspicion on college students’ mental and physical well-being.

Social Psychological and Personality Science ｜ 长期猜疑, 大学, 学生, 种族和民族问题, 长期后果

引入非洲本土信仰与ukuthwasa概念，拓展幸福感研究的文化边界。

This study explored academics’ lived experiences of spiritual and emotional wellbeing, dimensions that have received limited attention within the South African higher education context. In this context, spiritual wellbeing is understood through African belief systems and Indigenous forms of wellbeing, including religious beliefs and ukuthwasa (traditional ancestral calling), which may contribute to the holistic wellbeing of academic staff. The concept of wellbeing is also considered from an industrial and organisational psychology perspective. Convenient sampling was used to select eight academics employed at a South African higher education. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted online via Zoom. Thematic analysis was applied to identify themes and subthemes that informed the study’s findings and conclusions. Key themes included African Indigenous approaches to wellbeing (such as religious beliefs and ukuthwasa), emotional wellbeing, and support from spouses. Practical implications for integrating Afrocentric values of wellbeing within academic environments are discussed. The study concludes with limitations and offering recommendations for future research.

Archive for the Psychology of Religion ｜ 幸福感, 非洲文化, 宗教信仰, 价值观, 学术领域

以维基百科为自然实验，把文化差异落到意义构建的具体机制上。

Societies are naturally engaged in a perpetual endeavor to construct a shared reality by making sense of socially significant information. The role of culture in this process of sensemaking, however, remains surprisingly understudied. To fill this gap, we investigated how cross-cultural differences predict overt sensemaking in the activity of the world largest encyclopedia—Wikipedia, which explicitly aims to create a shared system of meaning. Adopting a longitudinal approach, we have conducted a series of hierarchical linear models and found that across 67 countries and different conceptualizations of culture, the cultural emphasis on independence, autonomy, and self-expression (individualism), as opposed to interdependence, conformity, and self-restriction (collectivism), was positively associated with engagement in sensemaking and its increase over a 19-year period between 2007 and 2025. In addition, distinguishing between the “sense” and “making” components of sensemaking revealed that cultural emphasis on control was associated with the increase in making but the decrease in sense created over time. These findings have significant implications for cross-cultural communication and collaboration in an increasingly globalized world.

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology ｜ 意义构建, 文化重点, 文化, 世界, 共享

提出“新情绪”作为群体层面情绪，连接宏观社会变迁与微观心理。

Neo-emotions are defined by one shared characteristic: they are a response to macro-societal changes. To gain full insight into when neo-emotions occur, a sociological approach needs to be complemented with a psychological perspective to conceptualize the relation between micro- and macro-level processes. I argue that neo-emotions can be considered group-based emotions. Their social function is to regulate potential challenges elicited by societal changes which one's bonds with members of one's group. Neo-emotions increase belongingness to a group and demarcate one's own group from other groups. In addition to strengthening one's social identity, neo-emotions have a societal function to strengthen social movements, providing awareness, commitment, and change. An adequate emotion vocabulary supports these functions but is not a necessary condition for neo-emotions to emerge.

Emotion Review ｜ Neo-emotions, Social, Societal Changes, Group, Functions

指出AI长期可靠后人类审核松懈，出错时补救责任与风险如何分配。

Imagine an artificial intelligence system that has performed reliably for months. Its recommendations are almost always right, and the employee reviewing them has learned that close scrutiny rarely changes the outcome. Then something unusual happens. The AI makes an error or can't proceed and needs human intervention. The employee is expected to step in and remains responsible for the outcome.

Tech Xplore ｜ Happens, Employee, Outcome, Takes Tasks, Jump Clean

把共情从道德美德改写为信息收集过程，为剥削性共情提供解释框架。

This paper reconceptualises evaluative processes pertinent to empathy as empathic perception: an evaluative, dynamic, and embodied process that provides morally neutral information as a perception to guide action and manage relationships. Traditional models often treat empathy as prosocial, yet it can enable both cooperation and exploitation. Empathic perception addresses this complexity by reframing evaluative processes used to understand another as a means of gathering intelligence rather than as an inherently benevolent force. Drawing on psychology, neuroscience, and social theory, we develop a model of empathic perception and an empathic perception–action matrix that shows how sociocultural context and personal motivation shape outcomes. This reconceptualization advances theoretical understanding by positioning empathic enquiry not as a moral virtue, but as a perceptual process that informs decision-making across contexts.

Emotion Review ｜ Humanistic (Person-Centered) ｜ 共情感知, 评价过程, 同情心, 中立性, 理解能力