The impact of value-based timing on value-oriented memory: A developmental study conducted on samples aged 8 to 22 years old

The timing of value instructions refers to the presentation of value information to subjects at different stages of memory processing. The study involved 1,401 participants aged 8 to 22 years old. Four different timing scenarios were examined: before encoding, after encoding, after encoding with no instructions given, and without any instructions at all. The results showed that: (1) Under both pre-encoding and post-encoding instruction conditions, children (aged 8–12 years), adolescents (13–17 years), and adults (18–22 years) all exhibited significant value-selective effects. These effects were primarily manifested in their preference for words with high value…