The activation conditions for external spatial references in the combined effect of spatial-digit response encoding: Evidence from image location judgment tasks

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the conditions under which the SpatialNumerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect is activated, particularly in the absence of self-centered reference activation. In Experiment 1, building images presented visually served as external reference points for spatial references. The results showed that consistency between visual representations had no significant impact on the SNARC effect, indicating that external spatial references were either not activated or were insufficiently strong to interfere with the SNARC effect. Experiment 2 was based on the findings of Experiment 1…