Changes in ventricular volume in patients with schizophrenia and tardive movement disorders, and their association with immune abnormalities

Objective: To investigate the relationship between changes in ventricular volume in patients with schizophrenia accompanied by tardive movement disorders and the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. Methods: The study involved patients with schizophrenia who had or did not have tardive movement disorders, along with a control group of normal individuals. Psychopathological symptoms and the severity of tardive movement disorders were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale and the Abnormal involuntary Movements Scale. Brain magnetic resonance imaging data were collected, and the volume of the ventricular system was calculated using FreeSurfer software. TLR4 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were detected via flow cytometry.